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New encounters in Arctic waters: a comparison of metabolism and performance of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) under ocean acidification and warming

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Abstract

Oceans are experiencing increasing acidification in parallel to a distinct warming trend in consequence of ongoing climate change. Rising seawater temperatures are mediating a northward shift in distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), into the habitat of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), that is associated with retreating cold water masses. This study investigates the competitive strength of the co-occurring gadoids under ocean acidification and warming (OAW) scenarios. Therefore, we incubated specimens of both species in individual tanks for 4 months, under different control and projected temperatures (polar cod: 0, 3, 6, 8 °C, Atlantic cod: 3, 8, 12, 16 °C) and PCO2 conditions (390 and 1170 µatm) and monitored growth, feed consumption and standard metabolic rate. Our results revealed distinct temperature effects on both species. While hypercapnia by itself had no effect, combined drivers caused nonsignificant trends. The feed conversion efficiency of normocapnic polar cod was highest at 0 °C, while optimum growth performance was attained at 6 °C; the long-term upper thermal tolerance limit was reached at 8 °C. OAW caused only slight impairments in growth performance. Under normocapnic conditions, Atlantic cod consumed progressively increasing amounts of feed than individuals under hypercapnia despite maintaining similar growth rates during warming. The low feed conversion efficiency at 3 °C may relate to the lower thermal limit of Atlantic cod. In conclusion, Atlantic cod displayed increased performance in the warming Arctic such that the competitive strength of polar cod is expected to decrease under future OAW conditions.

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Acknowledgments

This project was funded through the research program BIOACID (Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification, phase II) by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, WP 4.1 and 4.2, FKZ 03F0655B, FKZ 03F0728B). All authors acknowledge funding through the PACES (Polar Regions and Coasts in a Changing Earth System) program of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Furthermore, the authors gratefully acknowledge Jasmine Nahrgang and the project Polarisation (Norwegian Research Council, No. 214184/F20) for providing polar cod. We thank the crews of RV Heincke (AWI, funding No. AWI_HE 408_00) and RV Helmer Hanssen (University of Tromsø) for animal collection. Further, we would like to thank Timo Hirse and Sebastian Berger for technical assistance with the manipulation of CO2 partial pressure, Anette Tillmann, Karim Zanaty, Marcel Machnik, Benjamin Matthei and Fredy Véliz Moraleda for their contribution to the measurements of pH and DIC, and Christiane Hassenrück for determining the stomach weights of polar cod. We highly appreciate the constructive comments of the editor Dieter Piepenburg, Tony Hickey, Harald Gjøsæter and one anonymous referee on the submitted manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Kristina Lore Kunz & Rainer Knust

  2. Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Kristina Lore Kunz, Elettra Leo, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Matthias Schmidt & Felix Christopher Mark

  3. University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Kristina Lore Kunz, Elettra Leo, Hans-Otto Pörtner & Matthias Schmidt

  4. Scientific Computing, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Stephan Frickenhaus

  5. Hochschule Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Stephan Frickenhaus

  6. Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Silvia Hardenberg

  7. Institute of Marine Research, Sykehusveien 23, 9294, Tromsø, Norway

    Torild Johansen

  8. Institute for Cell Biology and Zoology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heidrun Sigrid Windisch

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  1. Kristina Lore Kunz
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All procedures performed in the present study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the federal state of Bremen, Germany, and were approved under the reference number 522-27-22/02-00 (113).

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300_2016_1932_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 1 R output of the full and the reduced linear model fitted on HSI data of polar cod and Atlantic cod (PDF 66 kb)

300_2016_1932_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 2 Complementary gonadosomatic index data (%). Polar cod, female (n = 0–3); Atlantic cod, male (n = 0–5). Numbers below = n (PDF 187 kb)

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Kunz, K.L., Frickenhaus, S., Hardenberg, S. et al. New encounters in Arctic waters: a comparison of metabolism and performance of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) under ocean acidification and warming. Polar Biol 39, 1137–1153 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-1932-z

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