Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

7.7 The Earliest Phosphorites: Radical Change in the Phosphorus Cycle During the Palaeoproterozoic

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Reading the Archive of Earth’s Oxygenation

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

Phosphate is an essential and growth-limiting nutrient required by all forms of life, as it is a key component of many important macro-molecules. These macro-molecules are involved in energy transport, information storage, and structural support functions include membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The global phosphorus cycle, which includes only dissolved and solid phases without any gaseous components, is strongly influenced by biological processes (Gulbrandsen 1969; Jahnke 1992; Föllmi 1996). Continental weathering and riverine discharges are the most important sources delivering both particulate and dissolved phosphate into the oceans (Froelich et al. 1982; Föllmi 1995). Long-term changes in the phosphorus cycle, such as variations in sources, concentration of dissolved seawater phosphate, formation of phosphorite deposits, and sequestration in biomass, are linked with other biogeochemical cycles and track major changes in Earth’s environmental conditions (Sheldon 1980; Baturin 1982; Papineau 2010; Planavsky et al. 2010). Biologic influence upon the phosphorus cycle can be traced back to the early Archaean (Blake et al. 2010). Ancient biologic processing of phosphate is inferred from the oxygen isotope ratios of some phosphates in 3200–3500 Ma sediments that are similar to those of modern marine biogenic phosphates (Blake et al. 2010).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmad T, Dragusanu C, Tanaka T (2008) Provenance of Proterozoic basal Aravalli mafic volcanic rocks from Rajasthan, Northwestern India: Nd isotopes evidence for enriched mantle reservoirs. Precambrian Res 162:150–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Äikäs O (1980) Uraniferous phosphorite and apatite-bearing gneisses in the Proterozoic of Finland. In: Ferguson J, Goleby AB (eds) Uranium in the Pine Creek Geosyncline: proceedings of the International Uranium Symposium on the Pine Creek Geosyncline. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 675–681

    Google Scholar 

  • Äikäs O (1981) Proterozoic phosphorites in Finland. IGCP 156 Newsletter 9:21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Äikäs O (1989) Phosphate resources in early Proterozoic suprecrustal rocks, Finland, with reference to the Baltic Shield. In: Notholt AJG, Sheldon RP, Davidson DF (eds) Phosphate deposits of the world, vol 2, Phosphate rock resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 429–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhmedov AM (1973) Phosphorus abundances in metasedimentary rocks of the Pechenga complex. In: Predovsky AA (ed) Problems of investigation and exploitation of natural resources of the North. Kola Science Centre, Apatity, pp 66–74 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhmedov AM, Krupenik VA (1990) Turbidity conditions of sedimentation and pyrite formation in the Early Proterozoic Pechenga Basin. Soviet Geol 11:51–60 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arning ET, Lückge A, Breuer C, Gussone N, Birgel D, Peckmann J (2009) Genesis of phosphorite crusts of Peru. Marine Geol 262:68–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspler LB, Chiarenzelli JR (1998) Two Neoarchean supercontinents? Evidence from the Paleoproterozoic. Sediment Geol 120:75–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JV, Joye SB, Kalanetra KM, Flood BE, Corsetti FA (2007) Evidence of giant sulphur bacteria in Neoproterozoic phosphorites. Nature 445:198–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee DM (1971) Precambrian stromatolitic phosphorites of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Geol Soc Am Bull 82:2319–2330

    Google Scholar 

  • Barfod GH, Otero O, Albarède F (2003) Phosphate Lu-Hf geochronology. Chem Geol 200:241–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Barley ME, Bekker A, Krapez B (2005) Late Archean to early Paleoproterozoic global tectonics, environmental change and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Earth Planet Sci Lett 238:156–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Baturin GN (1982) Phosphorites on the sea floor; origin, composition and distribution, vol 33, Developments in sedimentology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 343

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekasova NB (1985) Pechenga palaeogeography in early Pilgujärvi time of the early Proterozoic. Lithol Miner Resour 1:127–137 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekasova NB, Dudkin OB (1981) Composition and nature of early Precambrian Pechenga concretionary phosphorites (Kola Peninsula). Lithol Miner Resour 6:107–113 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekker A, Karhu JA, Eriksson KA, Kaufman AJ (2003) Chemostratigraphy of Paleoproterozoic carbonate successions of the Wyoming Craton: tectonic forcing of biogeochemical change? Precambrian Res 120:279–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekker A, Holland HD, Wang PL, Rumble D, Stein HJ, Hannah JL, Coetzee LL, Beukes NJ (2004) Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 427:117–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentor YK (1980) Phosphorites; the unsolved problems. Spec Publ Soc Econ Paleontol Mineral 29:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA (1973) Phosphate removal from sea water by adsorption on volcanogenic ferric oxides. Earth Planet Sci Lett 18:77–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA (1993) Weathering and its effect on atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time. Chem Geol 107:373–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA, Ruttenberg KC, Ingall ED, Rao JL (1993) The nature of phosphorus burial in modern marine sediment. In: Wollast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (eds) Interactions of C, N, P and S biochemical cycles and global change, vol 4, NATO ASI series, I. Springer, Berlin, pp 365–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake RE, Chang SJ, Lepland A (2010) Phosphate oxygen isotopic evidence for a temperate and biologically active Archaean ocean. Nature 464:1029–1032

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleeker W (2003) The late Archean record: a puzzle in ca. 35 pieces. Lithos 71:99–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremner JM, Rogers J (1990) Phosphorite deposits on the Namibian continental shelf. In: Burnett WC, Riggs SR (eds) Phosphate deposits of the world; Neogene to modern phosphorites. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 143–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett WC (1977) Geochemistry and origin of phosphorite deposits from off Peru and Chile. Geol Soc Am Bull 88:813–823

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary AK, Gopalan K, Sastry CA (1984) Present status of the geochronology of the Precambrian rocks of Rajasthan. Tectonophysics 105:131–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhuri R (1989) Proterozoic phosphorites around Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. In: Notholt AJG, Sheldon RP, Davidson DF (eds) Phosphate deposits of the world, vol 2, Phosphate rock resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 461–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Compton J, Mallinson D, Glenn CR, Filippelli G, Foellmi K, Shields G, Zanin Y (2000) Variations in the global phosphorus cycle. Spec Publ Soc Sediment Geol 66:21–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook PJ, Shergold JH (1986a) Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites: an introduction. In: Cook PJ, Shergold JH (eds) Phosphate deposits of the world, volume 1, Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook PJ, Shergold JH (1986b) Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites - nature and origin. In: Cook PJ, Shergold JH (eds) Phosphate deposits of the world, volume 1, Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 369–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Deb M, Thorpe RI (2004) Geochronological constraints in the Precambrian geology of Rajasthan and their metallogenic implications. In: Deb M, Goodfellow WD (eds) Sediment-hosted lead–zinc sulphide deposits. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 246–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymek RF, Klein C (1988) Chemistry, petrology and origin of banded iron-formation lithologies from the 3800-Ma isua supracrustal belt, West Greenland. Precambrian Res 39:247–302

    Google Scholar 

  • El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy J-J, Fontaine C, Fuersich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann A-C, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A (2010) Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago. Nature 466:100–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst R, Bleeker W (2010) Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5 Ga to the present. Can J Earth Sci 47:695–739

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewers WE, Morris RC (1981) Studies of the Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman Iron Formation, Western Australia. Econ Geol 76:1929–1953

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallick AE, Melezhik VA, Simonson BM (2008) The ancient anoxic biosphere was not as we know it. In: Dobretsov N, Kolchanov N, Rozanov A, Zavarzin G (eds) Biosphere origin and evolution. Springer, New York, pp 169–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippov MM (1994) Current views on the organic precursor of shungite rocks. In: Filippov MM (ed) The organic matter of Karelian Shungite Rocks: genesis, evolution and the methods of study. Karelian Science Centre, Petrozavodsk, pp 16–24 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Föllmi KB (1995) 160 my record of marine sedimentary phosphorus burial: coupling of climate and continental weathering under greenhouse and icehouse conditions. Geology 23:859–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Föllmi KB (1996) The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits. Earth Sci Rev 40:55–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Föllmi KB, Garrison RE (1991) Phosphatic sediments, ordinary or extraordinary deposits? The example of the Miocene Monterey Formation (California). In: Müller DW, McKenzie JA, Weissert H (eds) Controversies in modern geology. Academic, London, pp 55–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Froelich PN, Bender ML, Luedtke NA, Heath GR, DeVries T (1982) The marine phosphorus cycle. Am J Sci 282:474–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Galdobina LP (1987) Lyudikovian horizon. In: Sokolov VA (ed) The geology of Karelia. Nauka, Leningrad, pp 59–67 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehör S (1994) REE distribution in the phosphorite bands within the Paleoproterozoic Tuomivaara and Pahtavaara iron-formations, central and northern Finland. Geol Surv Finl Spec Paper 19:71–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn CR, Föllmi KB, Riggs SR, Baturin GN, Grimm KA, Trappe J, Abed AM, Galliolivier C, Garrison RE, Ilyin AV, Jehl C, Rohrlich V, Sadaqah RMY, Schidlowski M, Sheldon RE, Siegmund H (1994) Phosphorus and phosphorites: sedimentology and environments of formation. Eclogae Geol Helv 87:747–788

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddéris Y, Donnadieu Y, Dessert C, Dupré B, Fluteau F, François LM, Meert J, Nédélec A, Ramstein G (2007) Coupled modeling of global carbon cycle and climate in the Neoproterozoic: links between Rodinia breakup and major glaciations. C R Geosci 339:212–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Golubev AI, Akhmedov AM, Galdobina LP (1984) Geochemistry of lower Proterozoic black shale complexes of the Kola-Karelian Region. Science (Nauka), Leningrad, p 193 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Göpel C, Manhès G, Allègre CJ (1994) U-Pb systematics of phosphates from equilibrated ordinary chondrites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 121:153–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov AI, Baturin GN, Bogdanova OY, Magazina LO (2000) Sulfides in phosphorites of Africain Island; morphological peculiarities and origin. Lithol Miner Resour 35:183–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulbrandsen RA (1969) Physical and chemical factors in the formation of marine apatite. Econ Geol 64:365–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Halls HC, Davis DW, Stott GM, Ernst RE, Hamilton MA (2008) The Paleoproterozoic Marathon Large Igneous Province: new evidence for a 2.1 Ga long-lived mantle plume event along the southern margin of the North American superior province. Precambrian Res 162:327–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannah JL, Stein HJ, Zimmerman A, Yang G, Markey RJ, Melezhik VA (2006) Precise 2004 ± 9 Ma Re Os age for Pechenga black shale: comparison of sulfides and organic material. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:A228

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanski EJ (1992) Petrology of the Pechenga ferropicrites and cogenetic, Ni-bearing gabbro-wehrlite intrusions, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geol Surv Finl Bull 367:1–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaman LM (1997) Global mafic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: remnants of an ancient large igneous province? Geology 25:299–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Heron AM (1953) The geology of central Rajputana. Geol Surv India Mem 79:1–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahnke RA (1992) The phosphorus cycle. In: Butcher SS, Charlson RJ, Orians GH, Wolfe GV (eds) Global biogeochemical cycles. Academic, San Diego, pp 301–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis I, Burnett WC, Nathan Y, Almbaydin FSM, Attia AKM, Castro LN, Flicoteaux R, Hilmy ME, Husain V, Qutawnah AA, Serjani A, Zanin YN (1994) Phosphorite geochemistry: state-of-the-art and environmental concerns. Eclogae Geol Helv 87:643–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Javaux EJ, Benzerara K (2009) Microfossils. C R Palevol 8:605–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Karhu JA (2005) Paleoproterozoic carbon isotope excursion. In: Lehtinen M, Nurmi PA, Rämö OT (eds) Precambrian geology of Finland: key to the evolution of the Fennoscandian shield. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 669–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazakov A (1938) Phosphorite facies and genesis of natural phosphates. Econ Geol Nonmetal Deposit 8:33–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Koistinen T, Stephens MB, Bogatchev V, Nordgulen Ø, Wenneström M, Korhonen J (comps.) (2001) Geological map of the Fennoscandian Shield, Scale 1:2 000 000, Espoo/Trondheim/Upsala/Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  • Krajewski KP, Vancappellen P, Trichet J, Kuhn O, Lucas J, Martinalgarra A, Prevot L, Tewari VC, Gaspar L, Knight RI, Lamboy M (1994) Biological processes and apatite formation in sedimentary environments. Eclogae Geol Helv 87:701–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Laajoki K (1975) Rare-earth elements in Precambrian iron formatins in Väyrylänkylä South Puolanka area, Finland. Geol Soc Finl Bull 47:93–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Laajoki K, Saikkonen R (1977) On the geology and geochemistry of the Precambrian irons formations in Väyrylänkylä South Puolanka area, Finland. Geol Surv Finl Bull 292:1–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamboy M (1993) Phosphatization of calcium carbonate in phosphorites; microstructure and importance. Sedimentology 40:53–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas J, Prevot-Lucas L (2000) Phosphorite and limestone, two independent end-member products of the range of bio-productivity in shallow marine environments. Spec Publ Soc Sediment Geol 66:117–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari A, Sial AN, Gaucher C, Bossi J, Bekker A, Ferreira VP, Romano AW (2010) Global nature of the Paleoproterozoic Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion: a review of occurrences in Brazil, India, and Uruguay. Precambrian Res 182:274–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens CS, Harris R (1970) Inhibition of apatite precipitation in the marine environment by magnesium ions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 34:621–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin AP, Condon DJ, Prave AR, Melezhik VA, Fallick A (2010) Constraining the termination of the Lomagundi-Jatuli positive isotope excursion in the Imandra-Varzuga segment (Kola Peninsula, Russia) of the North Transfennoscandian Greenstone Belt by high-precision ID-TIMS, AGU meeting, 13–17 Dec 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur JM (1985) Francolite geochemistry; compositional controls during formation, diagenesis, metamorphism and weathering. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:23–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA (1992) Early Proterozoic sedimentary and rock-forming basins of the Baltic Shield. Nauka (Science), Leningrad, p 256 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Fallick AE (1996) A widespread positive δ13Ccarb anomaly at around 2.33–2.06 Ga on the Fennoscandian Shield: a paradox? Terra Nova 8:141–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Predovsky AA (1978) Carbonate and silicate concretions in Precambrian metasedimentary rocks of the Kola Peninsula. Dokl USSR Acad Sci Geol 239(3):668–671 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Predovsky AA (1982) Geochemistry of early Proterozoic Lithogenesis. Nauka (Science), St. Petersburg, p 208 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Grinenko LN, Fallick AE (1998) 2000 Ma sulphide concretions from the ‘Productive’ Formation of the Pechenga Greenstone Belt, NW Russia: genetic history based on morphological and isotopic evidence. Chem Geol 148:61–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Fallick AE, Filippov MM, Larsen O (1999) Karelian shungite: an indication of 2000 Ma-year-old metamorphosed oil-shale and generation of petroleum: geology, lithology and geochemistry. Earth Sci Rev 47:11–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Fallick AE, Hanski EJ, Kump LR, Lepland A, Prave AR, Strauss H (2005) Emergence of an aerobic biosphere during the Archean-Proterozoic transition; challenges of future research. GSA Today 15:4–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Huhma H, Condon DJ, Fallick AE, Whitehouse MJ (2007) Temporal constraints on the Paleoproterozoic Lomagundi-Jatuli carbon isotopic event. Geology 35:655–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Melezhik VA, Fallick AE, Filippov MM, Lepland A, Rychanchik DV, Deines JE, Medvedev PV, Romashkin AE, Strauss H (2009) Petroleum surface oil seeps from Palaeoproterozoic petrified giant oilfield. Terra Nova 21:119–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Notholt AJG, Sheldon RP, Davidson DF (eds) (1989) Phosphate deposit of the world, vol 2, Phosphate rock resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 563

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien GW, Veeh HH (1980) Holocene phosphorite on the East Australian continental margin. Nature 288:690–692

    Google Scholar 

  • Papineau D (2010) Global biogeochemical changes at both ends of the Proterozoic; insights from phosphorites. Astrobiology 10:165–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Papineau D, De Gregorio BT, Cody GD, O’Neil J, Steele A, Stroud RM, Fogel ML (2011) Young poorly crystalline graphite in the >3.8-Gyr-old Nuvvuagittuq banded iron formation. Nat Geosci 4:376–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Parák T (1973) Rare earths in the apatite iron ores of Lappland together with some data about the Sr, Th and U content of these ores. Econ Geol 68:210–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Pecoits E, Gingras MK, Barley ME, Kappler A, Posth NR, Konhauser KO (2009) Petrography and geochemistry of the Dales Gorge banded iron formation; paragenetic sequence, source and implications for palaeo-ocean chemistry. Precambrian Res 172:163–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Planavsky NJ, Rouxel OJ, Bekker A, Lalonde SV, Konhauser KO, Reinhard CT, Lyons TW (2010) The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir. Nature 467:1088–1090

    Google Scholar 

  • Puchtel IS, Arndt NT, Hofmann AW, Haase KM, Kröner A, Kulikov VS, Kulikova VV, Garbe-Schönberg C-D, Nemchin AA (1998) Petrology of mafic lavas within the Onega plateau, central Karelia: evidence for the 2.0 Ga plume-related continental crustal growth in the Baltic Shield. Contrib Mineral Petrol 130:134–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Puchtel IS, Brügmann GE, Hofmann AW (1999) Precise Re-Os mineral isochron and Pb-Nd-Os isotope systematics of a mafic-ultramafic sill in the 2.0 Ga Onega plateau (Baltic Shield). Earth Planet Sci Lett 170:447–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Purohit R, Sanyal P, Roy AB, Bhattacharya SK (2010) 13C enrichment in the Palaeoproterozoic carbonate rocks of the Aravalli Supergroup, northwest India: influence of depositional environment. Gondwana Res 18:538–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehtijärvi P (1983) REE patterns for apatites from Proterozoic phosphatic metasediments, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finl 55:77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehtijärvi P, Äikäs O, Mäkelä M (1979) A middle Precambrian uranium- and apatite-bearing horizon associated with the Vihanti zinc ore deposit, western Finland. Econ Geol 74:1102–1117

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy AB, Paliwal BS (1981) Evolution of lower Proterozoic epicontinental deposits: stromatolite-bearing Aravalli rocks of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Precambrian Res 14:49–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruttenberg KC, Berner RA (1993) Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling, continental-margin environments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:991–1007

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarangi S, Gopalan K, Roy AB, Sreenivas B, Das Sharma S (2006) Pb–Pb age of the carbonates of Jhamarkotra formation constraining the age of the Aravalli Supergroup, Rajasthan. J Geol Soc India 67:442–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Savenko AV (2010) On the physicochemical mechanism of diagenetic phosphorite synthesis in the modern ocean. Geochem Int 48:194–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz HN, Schulz HD (2005) Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite. Science 307:416–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon RP (1980) Episodicity of phosphate deposition and deep ocean circulation: a hypothesis. SEPM Spec Publ 29:239–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Sreenivas B, Sharma SD, Kumar B, Patil DJ, Roy AB, Srinivasan R (2001) Positive [delta]13C excursion in carbonate and organic fractions from the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup, Northwestern India. Precambrian Res 106:277–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Trendall AF, Blockley JG (1970) The iron formations of the Precambrian Hamersley group, Western Australia. Geol Surv West Aust Bull 119:1–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Tribovillard N, Récourt P, Trentesaux A (2010) Bacterial calcification as a possible trigger for francolite precipitation under sulfidic conditions. C R Geosci 342:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaasjoki M, Äikäs O, Rehtijärvi P (1980) The age of mid-Proterozoic phosphatic metasediments in Finland as indicated by radiometric U-Pb dates. Lithos 13:257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao S, Knoll AH (1999) Fossil preservation in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo phosphorite Lagerstätte, South China. Lethaia 32:219–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Yudin NI (1996) Pre-Riphean phosphate genesis. Lithol Miner Res 31:286–292 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Sun M, Wilde SA (2003) Correlations between the Eastern Block of the North China Craton and the South Indian Block of the Indian Shield: an Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic link. Precambrian Res 122:201–233

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geological Survey of Norway, 6315, Sluppen, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Aivo Lepland & Victor A. Melezhik

  2. Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen, N-5007, Norway

    Victor A. Melezhik

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Devlin Hall 213, 140 Commonwealth avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA

    Dominic Papineau

  4. Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya 11, 185610, Petrozavodsk, Russia

    Alexander E. Romashkin

  5. Department of Geology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia

    Lauri Joosu

Authors
  1. Aivo Lepland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Victor A. Melezhik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dominic Papineau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alexander E. Romashkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lauri Joosu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aivo Lepland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Geological Survey of Norway, Centre of Excellence in Geobiology, University of Bergen, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, Trondheim, 7491, Norway

    Victor A. Melezhik

  2. , Department of Earth Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom

    Anthony R. Prave

  3. , Department of Geosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland

    Eero J. Hanski

  4. , Environmental Research Centre, Scottish Universities, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, United Kingdom

    Anthony E. Fallick

  5. Geological Survey of Norway, Sluppen, Trondheim, 7491, Norway

    Aivo Lepland

  6. , Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, Deike Building, University Park 535, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    Lee R. Kump

  7. , Institut für Geologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Univ. Münster, Corrensstrasse 24, Münster, 48149, Germany

    Harald Strauss

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lepland, A., Melezhik, V.A., Papineau, D., Romashkin, A.E., Joosu, L. (2013). 7.7 The Earliest Phosphorites: Radical Change in the Phosphorus Cycle During the Palaeoproterozoic. In: Melezhik, V., et al. Reading the Archive of Earth’s Oxygenation. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29670-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation